Black Codes Essay Example for Free

erosive Codes EssayBlackCodes were legal statutes and constitutional amendments enacted by the exConfederate states following the well-bred War that sought to restrict the liberties of pertly freed sIaves, to look into a furnish of inexpensive agriculturaI Iabor and maintain a clear dominated hierarchy. However the history of Black Codes did not begin wIth the coIIapse of the Confederacy. Prior to the Civil War, $tates in the south enacted Slave Codes to regulate the institution of break ones backry. Furthermore, northerly, nonslave holding states enacted laws to limit the emailprotected political power and social mobility. For example in 1804, Ohio enacted Iaws prohibitin black populate from immigrating into states. In 1813, the State of lllinois enacted a law banning free BIacks outright from immigrating into the $tate. Black Codes adopted after the Civil War borrowed elements from the antebellum slave laws and from the laws of the northern states used to regulate free blacks. Some Black Codes incorporated morality clauses based on antebellum slave laws into Back Code labor laws. For example, in Texas, a morality clause was used to make it crime for laborers to use offensive language in the comportment of their employers, his agents, or his family members.Borrowing from the Ohio and Illinois codes, Arkansas enacted an ordinance banning free blacks from immigrating into the state. In the end, the Black Codes were largely extinguished when Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts began in 1866-67, and with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and civil rights legislation. Though the statutory lives of the Black Codes were short-lived, they are significant in that they served as precursors to the Jim Crow laws and social segregation among whites and blacks. For example, Arkansas passed a law prohibiting black children from 1attending school with children.The Texas legislature enacted a law requiring railroad companies to set aside a passenger c ar for black passengers. While each ex-Confederate state enacted its own set of Black Codes, either of them shared certain features. First, they defined the term person of color. Second, they prevented blacks from voting, holding office, or serving on juries. Third, they prevented blacks from serving in state militias. Fourth, they mandated for poor, unemployed persons (usually blacks) be arrested for vagrancy or stick out as apprentices. Fifth, they mandated and regulated labor contracts between whites and free blacks.Sixth, they prohibited interracial marriages between whites and blacks. All of the Black Codes defined what it meant to be a person of color. However, these definitions were far from consistent. The Virginia legislature decreed that either person with onefourth Negro blood in their veins was a person of color. Georgia set the limit at one-eighth. electrostatic yet, the Tennessee legislature declared anyone having any Negro blood at all made an individual a pers on of color. The leaders of the ex-Confederacy made no qualms somewhat their desire to keep blacks out of the political process.To this end, all of the ex-Confederate states prevented blacks from voting, holding political office, or serving in the state militias. This view had some measure of have got in the North. In an article appearing in the New York Times, an author wrote, The denial of suffrage to the freedmen, we believe, cannot be made a bar to admission of the grey representatives, for the reason is that it is no real denial of justice. No man, white or black, has title to a civil power which he has not the intelligence to exercise. The Black Codes to a fault prohibited blacks from serving in state militias. A principle reasons for these laws was probably a concern for insurrections and arm violence. However, a 2corollary concern was that the presence of armed black soldiers encouraged undesirable attitudes in blacks. For example, in Florida, the state legislature drafte d resolution requesting that black Union Army troops be withdrawn from their lands because their presence alarmed whites and encouraged insubordination among blacks. Florida also passed laws prohibiting blacks from carry fire-arms or weapons.If blacks wanted to own a gun, these laws often mandatory blacks to obtain a license from the county resolve and to have witnesses, usually white, vouch for their nonviolent temperament. The vagrancy statutes were particularly harsh on freed blacks. While these statutes did not specifically target blacks in their language, they were predominately applied to blacks because of their impoverished condition. In general, vagrancy statutes stipulated that any person a law enforcement officer or judge deemed to be unemployed and not owning property could be arrested and charged as a vagrant.It was easy to arrest blacks for violating vagrancy laws because the freed blacks lacked wealth and land owning to their previous condition of servitude, and to a lesser extent because the federal government reneged on its promise to deliver twoscore acres and a mule to 40,000 freed slaves. Once arrested and convicted of vagrancy, a person would be forced into conditions nearly identical to slavery. They were either hired out to private individuals or forced to work public projects. They were not paid for their labor.In Florida, disobedience, tardiness, or running away could be retaliateed by imprisonment, standing in the gibbet or stockade, or flogging. Punishment by flogging usually consisted of receiving 39 lashes, a number frequently used when flogging slaves. Apprentice statutes functioned along with vagrancy statutes to ensure a steady supply of inexpensive labor. Under apprentice laws, minors of poor parents, or parents deemed to be 3vagrants, could be taken as wards of the court and bound out to a master for varying lengths of time. Males were usually bound until the age of twenty-one, females until the age of eighteen.Apprentices frequently had no choice in the trade they would be required to learn, however, masters were required to teach the apprentice a trade, provide for the apprentices breathing expenses, and provide the apprentice with a basic elementary take aim education. Some states even required the master to provide the apprentice with a monetary gift when the apprenticeship expired. Apprentices who violated apprentice laws by running away creation disobedient to their master could be imprisoned, flogged, or forced to pay damages. The regulation of labor contracts with blacks was another hallmark of the Black Codes.In article appearing in a popular magazine of the time, a Southern author wrote of black people, We should be satisfied to compel them to engage in coarse, common manual labor, and to punish them for dereliction of duty or non fulfillment of their contracts with such severity, as to make them useful, productive laborers. Under the Black Code labor regime, blacks were free to work for any one they chose, but they were required to sign contracts that bound them to the employer at least a year. Once the contract was signed, blacks could not get out of the contract unless a court first declared the master violated the contract first.This deprived blacks of the opportunity to accept better paying jobs if they arose, and insured landowners had a steady supply of cheap labor. Punishment for blacks who broke their labor contracts included payment of damages, imprisonment. In states like Florida, it also included standing in the stockade or floggings. In Florida, behavior that constituted a breach of the contract included laziness, failure to appear for work, using offensive language with the employer, or running away. Most of the slave codes also made it a criminal offense for anyone to entice or encourage a black laborer to break an existing labor contract. vile laws also played an important aspect in the Black Codes. To varying degrees, ex-Confederate states passed c riminal laws that prohibited petty that blacks were more likely to commit due to their straightaway condition. For example, the Louisiana Penal Codes specifically criminalized trespassing on plantations. Because free blacks often had no place to live other than on their previous masters plantation, they were more likely to be arrested under these statutes. Penal Codes also specifically targeted blacks by inflicting harsher punishments for some crimes than whites convicted of the same crime.Unequal punishment was important for keeping blacks in a condition of servitude. For example, a North Carolina statute made it a capital offense for a black person to assault a white woman with intent to rape. Finally, the Black Codes uniformly prohibited interracial marriages between blacks and whites. For example, in Texas anti-interracial marriage laws called for the punishment of both spouses with a fine, imprisonment or both. It was a criminal offense, as it was in Georgia, for anyone to know ingly marry a white and black person.And frequently county clerks were required to record marriages of blacks and whites in separate registries. Conversely, the Black Codes also uniformly recognized black marriages and the legitimacy of children born to black parents. However, many Black Codes made it a criminal offense under adultery and adultery laws for blacks to live together without getting married or registering as a married couple with the county clerk. These statutes were frequently applied to blacks living in rural areas who were living together as result of their impoverished condition.

Teacher Certification Essay Example for Free

Teacher Certification EssayThe whole issue of instructor certification is ane of great importance and when discussed must be done in a delicate and thoughtful manner. The reason for this increasing importance is because the education of our nations teachers is important to the creation of an ideal education system, which is one of the goals of our matter government and State governments. Over the years the whole educational reform movement has become an increasingly hot topic. Reforms in the administration of school systems and in curriculum theory and practice attain been asked for and a4re currently being put into effect. Recently, reform of the education of teachers is being added to the lo9ng list of reforms needed. Many reform activists feel that assume changes need to be made on the methods of training and certifying the teachers of our country. Before looking at the reform movement, however, one must first look at the so banded problem of inconsistency in teacher cer tification. In our country today there is a general consistency among the leadments for state certification of teachers. Most states require their teacher institutions to establish a teacher education program that includes coursework and fieldwork.The coursework includes those courses that prep are a student to become a professional teacher and those classes that include major and minor fields of specialization. Fieldwork, which is probably the most important of the two forms of requirements, involves the individual interested in being a teacher going out and observing, practicing, and preparing to draw in the educational world as an instructor. There is no argument that all(a) schools in every state has these radical requirements of teacher certification.However, the inconsistency lies within how the legion(predicate) institutions go about in teaching these requirements. Each post-secondary school is given the jurisdiction to choose how they are going to go about meeting these basic teacher certification requirements. For example, many states require a different amount of field hours. An inconsistency can also be seen in the various simulations of teacher education that are used through and throughout the nation. Two education researchers, Howey and Zimpher conducted a study on this variety of models in 1989. They came up with three different attempts of teacher training.The first, known as the teachers college model, involves certification students entering a separate school within a university that is a teachers college. The second approach is called the liberal arts model by the researchers, and is a method that requires and individual to become specialized in a certain liberal arts subject in order to pee-pee capable and cultured human beings. The third and final model discussed by Howley and Zimpher is entitled the competency-based model. This method trains individuals in the arts o motivation and understanding.As one can see by this case study, t here have been a variety of approaches to teacher certification. An inconsistency can similarly be detected by looking at the various in the buff and innovative ideas in teacher education. Among these include the alternative route, a topic discussed earlier, and the five-year degree program, and issue to be discussed before long in this section. Altogether, one could state that there is some inconsistency in teacher certification, and this inconsistency brings about a small problem in the educational spectrum of our world. In my opinion, there is no national and universal set of requirements for teacher certification.The variety of different methods and forms of teacher education programs is causing an inconsistency in how teachers are being trained nationwide. When this is realized, the whole issue of reforming teacher certification becomes very relevant to our society. As stated earlier, reforms in the training of future teachers are outset to really be requested by the general public. Various groups have met to discuss the various issues surrounding the reform movement. Among the most notable are the Holmes Group, the experience of American Colleges of Teacher Education (A goE), the Education Commission of the States (ECS), and Goodlads group.These various groups and many others have come up with a variety of reforms and new standards that most probable should and will be integrated into the current teacher certification requirements. One certain similarity that all of these recommendations have with each other is that they all call for higher regulations and an increase in the education of future teachers. Many of the group0s called for an increase in providing individuals knowledge on the profession of teachi8ng, and some groups also called for a more(prenominal) intense training in the various fields under a liberal arts education.Increases in the amount of fieldwork required seems to also be a major issue discussed by the reform groups. The issue of selection under standardized testing was also discussed, with respect to increasing the required SAT/ACT or GRE scores. Finally, the research groups came up with various new ideas involving the creation of professional teaching schools or tiered systems that would require a teacher to go through more training even after(prenominal) they received their bachelors degree. All in all, these reform groups have come up with some very unique and elicit ideas to change teacher certification for the better.It is the best interest of our nation to make changes in our current teacher education program, for, in this case, change would be for the better. To conclude, I would like to take a brief but in depth look at an innovative idea established by the Maine State surgical incision of Education in conjunction with the University of Southern Maine. This program, entitled the Extended Teacher Education Program, involves future teachers continuing on for a fifth year after completing their un dergraduate studies. This fifth year involves the individual taking part in internships.These internships give the future teachers a chance at more fieldwork in order to gain more experiences before they become full fledged teachers. Nonetheless, the results of the initial year of the program seem to indicate that the idea around this new program is a successful one. Those individuals who took part in the program obtained various skills and understandings that all ideal teachers should have. The excellent outcomes of this program leads one to believe that it might be a good idea to implement this structure nationwide. The idea of creating professional schools for teachers has become a popular one in recent times.After all if doctors and lawyers have to go to a professional school, then shouldnt teachers as well? In conclusion, the issue of teacher training and certification brings up many questions, peculiarly in reference to reforming. The inconsistent and somewhat outdated educat ion of teachers today needs change, in order to create an ideal educational system. Numerous reforms have been discussed and recommended by various research organizations and now is the time to take action and implement some of these reforms before our education systems continue to fall downwards into the depths of degradation. permute I needed and change must come now.

Buckling Experiments Laboratory Report

Buckling experiments Laboratory ReportBUCKLING EXPERIMENTThe experiment entails subjecting consignments to a ruffle along its centroidal axis. The effects of length, fig, material and resort conditions on buckling were observed. An analysis was thusly do basing on the results obtained and graphs drawn to establish various relationships measured and reason. The buckling pack was also determined theoretically for all the struts basing on the geometry and material properties. This was past compared to those found experimentally.Buckling is an instability of a material when subjected to commoveing which eventually leads to failure. It is characterized by sudden sideways buckle of the structural member. When commitment is employ on a material, it will become large ca utilise it to become unstable and consequently causing lurch in shape and this can be said to have buckled. This can happen even when the stress subjected on the material is be small that needed to cause failur e.Bending and buckling can cause change in shape but the difference comes in the method of applying the blame. For the bending case, the pack is apply perpendicular to the centroidal axis while in buckling, the load is applied axially causing compressive stress and eventual sideways failure.This feature can be measured as the buckling load. Materials having different properties have different buckling heaps which is a function of the length of the column and the second moment of area of its cross section.Buckling loads can be determined experimentally or by way of a prediction without actually loading the material to critical load. Southwell spell is a chart of used to experimentally determine the critical load of a structure without subjecting it to its critical load. It is a non-destructive testing method for buckling.Southwell piece is a graphical representation of deflection(y) against deflection by load applied(y/L). This should in exceed show a linear relationship and a slight curvature at low values of deflection. Further analysis can be done to obtain buckling load. Critical loads can thus be obtained without actually buckling the load itself reducing risk of damaging the strut. The intercept represents the total eccentricity of the strut which is the eccentricity within the equipment and the strut together with the imposed eccentricity.To compare the theoretical and experimental buckling loads of struts in order to test the theory and show its limits.To show how to use the Southwell maculation to find the buckling load and eccentricity of a strut.The potential hazards was assessed and it was observed to be majorly from the experiment handling of the strut in loading and unloading. This has a potential harm to the colleagues and the staff in the laboratory.This hazard was considered by performing the experiment heavily. Plastic inserts were also used to reduce the adverse possible reaction of the strut on loading. The load was applied slowly with full concentration on the reaction of the material under loading so as not to exceed the buckling limits. The strut was also released by unloading swiftly.Experiment 1The Load Display was connected and switched on. It was then given some few minutes for the display and the load kiosk to warm up. The load measuring end was tapped to remove any effects of friction and the display zeroed.The digital calipers was then used to obtain the dimensions of the 750 mm vane strut and its second moment of area calculated.The strut was then fit into the rig with the pinned ends condition.Plastic inserts were then inserted in the channels adjacent to the center of the strut such that when load was applied the strut would not come into contact with the inserts.The large hand wave was used to load the strut slowly. As the wheel was turning, the load reading and the deflection of the strut was observed heavily. The plastic insert was used to ensure that the strut does not buckle further than 15mm.The peak load on the display was recorded and the hand wheel turned to release the load. This is the reading for buckling on its natural oversight.A light load was then applied and gently pushed on the center to force it to buckle in the opposite direction. The load was then increased until the strut buckled end the peak load recorded. The load was then released.The mean of the two buckling loads was thereafter calculated.The procedure was repeated for the other steel struts No 2 to No 6. And for one strut make from a different material and the other shape. For strut No 4, the experiment was repeated with a fixed to pinned end condition and strut No 3 with fixed to fixed end conditions.The curve of length against average experimental buckling load was plotted for steel struts 1 6. Theoretical buckling load was then calculated for each length and then plotted on the graph.Comments on the effect of length, end conditions, material and 2nd moment of area on the buckling loads we re then made.Experiment 2The Load Display was connected and switched on. It was then given some few minutes for the display and the load cell to warm up. The load measuring end was tapped to remove any effects of friction and the display zeroed.The 750 mm steel strut was obtained.The strut was then fixed on the pinned ends condition.The deflection gauge was then fitted at the midspan of the strut while ensuring that there is 15mm of travel in the natural buckling direction.The strut was then tested in the natural buckling direction while recording the load at deflection intervals of 0.5mm.The table of results was then filled.The Eccentric End fittings were then fitted to strut number 2 with both fittings rope to give the smallest eccentricity (5mm) ripple number 2 was fitted and the position of the deflection indicator adjusted to allow for the offset.The test was then repeated with the same strut.The end fittings at both ends of the strut were reversed to give larger eccentricity. The indicator was adjusted and the test repeated.A chart was then created showing load on the tumid axis against deflection on the horizontal axis. The results from each strut was added to the chart.A chart for a Southwell plot was created, deflection (y) against (y/P) where P is the load. The results from each strut was then added to this chart and further analysis doneRESULTS AND CALCULATIONSExperiment 1Theoretical buckling load (N)174.70240.40306.10280.52397.56339.33332.99826.75304.39359.29Average Peak buckling load(N)189.5198236257286.53272832795591068Peak buckling load 2(N)2122042512512883342942925791187Peak buckling load 1(N)167192221263285320272266539949Strut Details2nd Moment ofarea48.10357.64963.31153.63670.05550.244180.746170.97453.63663.311d3.113.203.413.233.543.154.846.463.233.41b19.1919.2519.1619.1019.4419.3919.13_19.1019.16K value111111110.70.5Fixing conditionsP-PP-PP-PP-PP-PP-PP-PP-PP-FF-FYoungs modulus (N/mm2)20700020700020700020700020700020700010500020700020700020 7000MaterialSteelSteelSteelSteelSteelSteelBrassSteelSteelSteelShapeRectRectRectRectRectRectRect roundRectRectWorking length750700650625600550750650600600Strut no1234567J43Experiment 2Deflection (mm)Eccentricity=0Eccentricity=5mmEccentricity=7.5mmLoad (N)Defl/Ave LoadLoad (N)Defl/Ave LoadLoad (N)Defl/Ave Load00_0_0_0.5500.0100210.023880.06251740.0135270.0370170.05881.5950.0158400.0375240.062521080.0185480.0417300.06672.51160.0216550.0455350.07143 one hundred twenty-five0.0240530.0566400.07503.51310.0267660.0530450.077841350.0296710.0563490.08164.51390.0324750.0600540.083351410.0355810.0617580.08625.51440.0382820.0671590.093261470.0408880.0682650.09236.51490.0436900.0722690.094271500.0467920.0761720.09727.51520.0493960.0781730.102781530.0523970.0825770.10398.51540.0552980.0867800.106391560.05771030.0874820.10989.51570.06051070.0888840.1131101580.06331070.0935860.116310.51590.06601120.0938890.1180111600.06881130.0973910.120911.51600.07191150.1000930.1237121610.07451170.1026940.127712.5 1610.07761190.1050960.1302131620.08021200.1083980.132713.51620.08331220.11071000.1350141630.08591230.11381010.138614.51630.08901240.11691030.1408151640.09151250.12001040.1442Moment of inertia (I) of a circle and rectangle were obtained using the formulaDISCUSSIONBelow is the graph of working length against buckling load for the first experiment. It is observed that as the working length was increasing, the buckling load was decreasing.For the second experiment, A graph drawn for load against deflection shows a nonlinear relationship between the load applied and the deflection of the beam. The second graph is of deflection(y) against (y/P) where P is the load. This is the Southwell plot for the beam used.A line of best fit drawn in the Southwell Plot indicates that the points obtained are having an almost linear relationship except at low values of deflection which has a small curvature. The slopes of the graphs, Euler buckling load, were obtained for different eccentricities togethe r with the points of intersection with the y axis which indicates the eccentricity of loading. This represents the imperfection of the strut and the equipment used plus the imposed eccentricity.Southwell plot resultsEccentricity (mm)Gradienty-intercept0178.18-1.3015164.32-5.07837.5170.12-9.6389Southwell plotThe experiment was a success as the strut was subjected to different loads to determine the buckling load. The effect of material, length of the specimen, shape and fixing conditions were observed. Different graphs were drawn from the results obtained which enhanced further analysis. The Southwell graph was also drawn which was used to obtain eccentricity values and the struts theoretical/Euler buckling load.Wang, C.M., Zhang, Y.Y., Ramesh, S.S. and Kitipornchai, S., 2006. Buckling analysis of micro-and nano-rods/tubes based on nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory. Journal of Physics D Applied Physics, 39(17), p.3904.Akgz, B. and Civalek, -., 2011. Strain gradient elasticity and modif ied couple stress models for buckling analysis of axially loaded micro-scaled beams. planetary Journal of Engineering Science, 49(11), pp.1268-1280.Roorda, J., 1967. Some thoughts on the Southwell plot. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 93(6), pp.37-48.Mandal, P. and Calladine, C.R., 2002. Lateral-torsional buckling of beams and the Southwell plot. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 44(12), pp.2557-2571.Singer, J., 1989. On the applicability of the Southwell plot to plastic buckling. experimental Mechanics, 29(2), pp.205-208.Cowper, G.R., 1966, June. The shear coefficient in Timoshenkos beam theory. ASME.

Ethical Issues In Video Games Media Essay

Ethical Issues In painting Games Media EssayThe perseverance of Electronic-gaming has amazeed into one of the roughly successful industries in the present technical world. consort to an article issued by Entertainment Softw ar Association (ESA, 2011), this particular industry has a huge cig bet market of approximately USD 25 billion. The electronic-gaming industry has turned appear to be one of the around successful businesses around the world. The current era is where stack count on connectivity through technology. In addition, the calculating machine gaming industry has brought in tremendous job opportunities by providing nearly 120,000 jobs to the global business market (ESA, 2011). meanwhile the disadvantages faced due to calculator usage are in like manner rising steadily non single in countries like USA exactly also in all the European countries where pack are going through a lot of issues with regard to picture- spiriteds. Researchers around the world are comi ng out with the bitter fact that closely of the teenagers are being run intoed by the amount of force out involved in these video gages which would former psychological impacts and play about addiction. The negative effects of video back ups are rising drastically along with the advancements of the technologies. Initially the target markets of the electronic gaming industry were youngsters, but instantly people of all age categories seem to be addicted to video-games. tally to the statistics of ESA (2011) it was publicized that 42% of the gamers are females and 58 % of gamers comprise of male players. At the like sequence another research states that about 72% of household American citizens are acting computer or video games whereas the average of 29% illustrate people higher up 50 years. Thus, the aforementioned points brings in to light that the evolution of video-games resulted due to rapid technological advancements. However, it should also be noted that there are a l modes two sides for a coin, in this case the pros and cons involved within the industry should be looked at. The issues in relation to this particular industry can be identified as health issues, legal issues, social issues, professional issues and most importantly ethical issues that are rising on a daily basis.The major social concern associated with electronic gaming is violence and proficient infringement towards the cabaret. According to the research conducted by Jummy Et Al, (n.d) of Indiana University School of Medicine, about uncultivated games, it was prove that playing a red video game nowadays influences self- assert and attention, which not only impacts the player but also indirectly affects the society as salutary. These kind of serious issues are attracting public awareness in an immense scale. The violence attached to the video-games has been subjected to extensive debate oer the years. Jimmy et al, (n.d) also states that violent Video-games reflect a more harmful approach than violent movies and television-dramas due to the inter treat between the game and the players. This social issue also opens up different experiences where an example can be quoted as such games spread disgraceful incidents among the teenagers and kidskinren, enabling them to get apply to such incidents and consider them as a traffic pattern behaviour.According to AFP (2010) a 14 years old boy killed his father by using a sledgehammer since his father had disturbed his computer game. Consequently, it can be concluded that the teenagers mind-set has been changed and dominated by violence and serious aggression. This violence he exposed to the society was because of the game that he used to play. David Walsh (2007) states that playing violent games directly stimulates physiological problems such as pro-social effects, concerns, etcetera To rationalize more, we are living in a country where most of the people are with sentimental values, so feelings and behavi ours are more important to us. By playing violent video-games, it first affects our feelings as human beings where we hurt to respect others as our culture is based on right(a) feelings and better behaviours. As mentioned above, playing militant games will affect both the feelings and behaviours of humans and as a result, an various(prenominal) would lose the value of humanity. In addition, David Walsh (2007) signifies that 63 % of the students who are playing aggressive video-games have more tendencies to be involved in physical fights or violent activities as such which enables in changing the teenagers mind-set as per the game. Therefore as a result, playing violent video-games is a serious antagonism that would affect the society and the individual humans behaviour.For an example according to Cleancutmedia (2009) biggest story of video game link to violence history was re-written due to Danil Petric who was 23 years old, who brutally shot his mother and father where mothe r was dead at the incident and luckily Danils fathers life was rescued. The reason for this unusual behaviour was that he was addicted to a violent aggressive game called Halo 3 which contained very violent pictures and videos. One solar day his father didnt let him play that particular game and this was the cause of this incident. After this incident, reporters identified that he used to play that game up to 7 hours per day.This meticulous incident proves the mentioned point above because violence and serious aggression cause many social issues since playing violent games do not only affect the individual who is playing that game, but it also affects the family that he/she belongs to and their society as well. The society can be affected due to violence and serious antagonism therefore this point can be categorized as a social issue. Considering the above mentioned issues with the social public interests, the society is not benefited at all by playing violent video-games and they have exposed their serious aggression towards the society which have already affected the people in a harmful way and also can affect the society in future as well.As mentioned above these social concerns brought another critical aspect in to light which is known as health issues. According to Sciencedaily (2011), it demonstrate that video-games may have substantial behavioural problems such as pro-social effects and concerns, varying psychological problems and etc. To justify within this cheat on Mitchell (2011) also favours the primitively argument saying spending lots of time with video-games lead to situations with addiction, isolation, depression, social phobias and it would directly drag that person into various physiological issues. As Sciencedaily (2011) explains, pathological gamers ordinarily play games approximately 31 hours per week and due to those reasons it will directly affect the human physical body as well. Latest research reveals that playing games for long ho urs directly affects the muscles, joints and can cause back and neck pains as well. Especially teenagers who play for at least 5 hours a day will experience the above mentioned health issues (Better Health, 2011). According to BBC News (2005) a South Korean person who almost played StarCraft 3 for more than 50 hours nonstop with very few breaks died due to a heart failure. Another real world incident took place in Northern China where a man who was addicted to playing online games was reported dead after spending lot of time for online gaming, and the doctors identified that his blood pumping was improper which caused that death (Spencer, 2007). By only considering these two incidents we cannot come to a conclusion but undeniably these incidents justifies that playing games for long hours can seriously cause damage to human physical body. According to Dillner (2011) video-games also make teenagers put on weight because they just play the video-games with full comfort and there is in sufficient physical exercise. So according to her rendering it also affects the hand and fingers due to the constant contact with the keyboard or joystick.Dr. Douglas, A. Gentile who conducted many researches based on video-games addiction and human psychology, argued that spending lot of time in playing games or anything cannot be clarified as addiction. He also states that it might be a symptom of addiction (Dr.douglashn, n.d). His research all the way agrees that addicted gamers reflect serious issues with society since they dont like to make friends, lack of socialization and also there are possibilities of them having many health issues as well for example sleep disturbances, headaches etc. In this modern world people are also concerned about personal health in that way spending too much time on video-games will eventually cause a darker tomorrow as health issues directly affects the society in a harmful way. Hence, the above mentioned points identify health issues to be one of the main concerns of electronic gaming.Video games have positive and negative sides while sounding into social issues. By considering the above given examples it was clearly pictured, showing how a society is affected by various violent and aggressive video-games. According to professor Mark Griffith (n.d.) of Nottingham Trent University, video games are proved to be a distr bodily function for those on a lower floorgoing painful cancer treatments. In a study which was conducted in year 2004 by Butch Rosser, a surgeon of Laparoscopy, he studied the surgical skills of surgeons playing video games and surgeons who did not. It was astonishing to know from the results, that surgeons playing video games were faster in action and made lesser mistakes during work than those who did not play video games. Video games that include simulation of real world scenarios are becoming popular. A game called Americas Army introduced by United States, replicates a real wartime experience which i s going to help and train new recruits.It is a known fact that violent aggressive video games do not positively contribute to an individual or societal development. But such games could stabilize violence as a acquainted(predicate) and acceptable option in narrate to deal with conflicts. In this case there are various positive video games being introduced in order to condition youth about few of the societal issues around the world. Examples of such games would be Food Force, Darfur is Dying, UNICEF World Heroes, Peter Packet and etc. These types of games could serve as valuable tools in educating our youth about ways in which video-games could bring in positive societal changes by increasing the helping tendency, reducing violence and etc.When it comes to the ethical aspect of video-games it is not straight forward as the above mentioned social issues. Addiction to these aggressive games could be classified as the most debated ethical concerns during the past decade. According to Jimmy Dan et.al (n.d), some of the Video-games such as Mortal combat, Warcraft and Grand-theft-auto are highly addictive. In the same report they have let on a real example of how addiction affects an individuals life. These real stories justify that addiction to violent games affect negatively for a particular individual. Arguments might arise as to why people are addicted to violent video-games. According to ESA (2011)s research, it reveals that only 3.8 % people buy video games based on strategy, fight category to a lower placestand 8.4% buying behaviour, whereas 15.8% of people buy shooting based video-games. These statistics simply exhibits the buying behaviour and most importantly a considerable percentage likes to buy action or fight category based video-games rather than buying a normal game. As already mentioned game developers target the teenagers and they produce insistent games because most of the teenagers are drawn towards them. Consequently, targeting a specifi c age group and producing violent video games directly violates the universal ethical principles such as respect for others, truth and fairness. To sustain and survive in the electronic-gaming market, the developers will not stop creating such aggressive video-games since it has a huge demand. But really is it wrong to create or develop violent video-games? Are playing and creating such violent video-games the only factors that affect the social responsibility of a person? These video-games provide a virtual(prenominal) world to do things that we cannot do in our real world. It gives an opportunity to experience these things in a virtual manner without harming anyone. But then again considering the above mentioned issues, the society is not benefited at all by playing violent games. They have exposed their serious aggression towards the society which has already affected the people in harmful ways in the past and this can affect the society in the future as well.As mentioned previo usly, ethical issues can be addressed in both ways but according to the studies and incidents just because the industry targets on achieving greater profits its ethically wrong to encourage mental defectiveness in people. Even to validate this action we can use deontological theory.The ethical concerns have brought in another very crucial aspect which forms the cheats for video-games. According to Morch (2003) cheats in most of the games happens in MMOG (Massive Multiplayer Online Games) such as WarCraft III and Air Warrior. Cheating opens up different perceptions such as, if the players could use cheats and if the game is easier to play why do we have to play without cheating? Is it ethical to cheat the game where the other players do not use cheats in their games? Many researches were conducted to rationalize that particular argument. According to Morch (2003) it clearly says that 35% of the online games were being hacked in 1997 and undeniably now it is expected to rise more beca use nowadays technology is much more advanced than the good old days.According to Aboukhadijeh (2009) hackers or cheaters are a real challenge to the game developers and these people are violating the ethical principles such as respecting others, treating others as equal, truth and acting with integrity. Hackers or cheaters who are cheating in video-games are taking unethical advantage over the particular game, by at a lower placetaking various strategies. importantly after cheats and bugs were released into the society the value of a particular game would gradually decrease. Besides Morch (2003) mentioned that due to modifying original game into cheatable game the value will cast mass significantly. For example, after the launch of a game called Battlefield in 1942, the game market was very high but after sometime it drastically went down due to cheats. According to Morch (2003), it mentions that usually game cheaters use two different methods to cheat in games such as cheatin g by conspiracy or cheating by modifying games software or data. They simply do this for different purposes where some game cheaters make fraudulent money in some game competitions. Because of these unethical practices the virtual gaming world is being destroyed constantly and also by cheating or getting unethical advantage over the game process is directly violating several ethical principles such as fairness, equality, honesty etc. In order to justify, deontological theory also says that cheating in video-games action itself is wrong. So cheating in any form of the game is clarified as an ethical issue because there is no regulation for its avoidance.When it comes to justice and Regulations for video-games it represents many faces in todays world. Video-games related to legal issues have many aspects and first legal concern would be selling highly adultery content games to under aged. This concern is debated all over the world but no country has been able to fulfil all the hauls in selling adultery content to under aged.Outlaw (2008) indicates that due to technological improvements and various other facilities gaming industry have witnessed a lot of criticism on various social attributes, government activity etc. Selling adultery content to under aged can affect the retailer who knowingly sells it. According to Outlaw (2008), previous law was not a successful one because the percentage for retailers for defending their side was high. In the same article it mentions that 87% of teenagers playing highly adultery contented video games. And in the particular case of Online retailers caught selling adult games to under-age boy (Hussain, 2013), the online sellers have sold adultery games to an under aged boy. These distributions of sexual video-games among under aged children directly violates Video Recording Act of 1984 (UK) under section 7 (classification certificates section), under section 2 both (A) and (B) and it also violates PEGI (Pan-European Game Infor mation) rating system 2011 (UK).Hantsweb (2012) indicates that some game companies who produces heavy sexual behaviour related content, criminal activities, horrific pictures and video clips in their video-games has to submit it to the BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) and then obtain a certification before the game can be released to the market. Even in this case most of the companies undervalue this process and they simply reduce the age range instead of submitting the video for BBFC. Hence, this is another anxiety that arises in courts and opens to society, therefore not submitting the games for BBFC classification can be guilty and the company will have to hire around GBP 20,000 as penalty or they might even have to accept 6 months of imprisonment.The above mentioned legal issues can have another perception where the games are based on extreme content of nudity and continuous disturbing sceneries in any form. In order to protect gaming industry from various bad influe nces and crimes, certain countries such as UK, USA and many European countries attain their own voluntary regulations such as PEGI (Pan-European Game Information) etc. Nevertheless, extreme nudity within the video-games may affect the laws and regulations by creating a computer game that contains extreme nudity and violence. This may directly affect the countrys urbane constitution. So if the game contains of any nudity or extreme violence, it will clearly violate Digital Economy Act 2010 (UK), Section 2 of the Video Recordings Act 1984 (UK) Conditions relating to video games (section 2- a, b, f and h) and can be penalised accordingly. Mitchell (2010) mentions that heavy rain game was officially banned from U.A.E due to extreme nudity and violence but initially it was approved by PEGI.Various researchers highlighted that these games initially got the approval from PEGI but were banned in the country because that game may affect the civil regulations which are prevailing in the co untry. GamesLatest (2010) gives another example that God of war III was also officially banned from Dubai due to high level of nudity and violence.These electronic games create a huge good turn of negative ethical impacts as shown in the above context, but there are a comparable number of positive impacts as well. Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) rating is a method where positive impacts could be brought in where parents could identify which game is good and suitable for their children. It is the responsibility of the government to implement an improved rating system with greater features given to the extent of violence and aggression in the games. This scheme would educate parents and help them use the rating tool and to identify the best suitable games for their children.Along with these social, ethical and legal issues video-games do have professional issues as well. initiative professional concern would be in terms of the developers point of view relating to the curr ent computer rating system which is critical for identification of that particular game. As already mentioned the developers make their game for a target group of people for example, ESA (2011) states that most teenagers enthusiasm is towards buying an action or fight based computer game. Therefore it sets the conditions for the developers to consider that particular segment in addressing their developing agendas. Onyett (2010), mentions that top 10 video-games contains 7 action games and among that 7 action games, five are rated as 17+. This clearly demonstrates the video-game customers buying behaviours. Many video-games are being miss-rated for their own benefits and some of them are miss-rated accidently as well. According to Sinclare (2006), ESRB has miss-rated the best-selling Elder Scrolls IV limbo game as Teen and then they have rerated it as Mature. The customers who would have bought the game already would have been affected by its miss-rated content. This has clearly brea ched BCSs code of conducts under Public Interest Section (A) and Under Duty to the profession Section (A). In this case they have been only concerned about their business benefits and they have neglected the concern towards the public.Another critical concern about professional issues is when creating video-games, do the game developers follow professional code of conducts. Vitally some video-game developers build their video-games to address various hidden things. According to Clark (2008), it is stated that in a game called Muslim Massacre, virtual people represented by the players in the game as soldiers and enemies were characterized as Muslims. The development of this kind of games directly affects a particular ethnic community. This clearly violates BCSs code of conducts under public interest section A and B. Maintaining the professional code of conduct would prevent negative issues and bring in positive issues which would enhance good professional practices.Video-games have been a great blind to virtualize the real world scenarios and it gives people an opportunity to do almost anything in these virtual environments. By referring to the issues mentioned above we may conclude that video-games do have issues related to social, ethical and professional aspects to address. In order to minimize the negative impacts caused by electronic games, parents will have to implement necessary steps before the child gaining bad experiences by playing video-games. A method of prevention by parents could be by confining their children playing aggressive video-games before they fall into the tier of addiction. Another way of handling these types of circumstance is always to convert the childs necessity by providing an alternative game instead of violent video games. The best interference method to create a change in the childs mind is that the parents ability to educate their own children about video-games and essentially what so ever the game is, parents should all ot a specific time period for their children to play. This can reduce the children getting addicted to video-games. Addictive situations could also be prevented by not letting a person wholly when he or she is playing a video game, as it could bring in addiction and isolation. Members of the family or parents being around would be a reminder of the real world and would prevent the player being consumed by the virtual environment. Further it is also advisable that parents have a control over the type of games that are purchased and given to the children. In addition research and case studies denote that most of the people living alone would have a higher chance of getting addicted into these video-games. Moreover medical science proves that an individual could involve in certain activities like chatting with friends instead of being alone which could reduce the addictive situation. The modern world is driven by technology and there is very less human interaction. Outdoor games and g athering among friends and family have bring down by a large scale enabling teenagers to draw a circle around them and be in isolation. Companies are driven purely by profit-making motives and there is less importance given for ethical and professional conduct. The benefit and welfare of the society at large is ignored. The electronic gaming industry at its initial stages had more strategy games that provide greater space for creativity and strategic thinking. Eventually the movie industry moved towards heightened violence and to be in line with the trend companies included more and more violence within these video games as well. Hence manufacturers of these games should take into consideration the damage that is caused to the community and develop games in a way that is less harmful to the human psychology. Regulators and professional bodies should also ensure that appropriate certification is given prior to these games being released to the market. blotto penalties should be put in place for companies that violate these laws. Finally, the gaming industry, just as all other commercial industries, would have profitability and sustainability at its middle but achieving its objectives in an ethical and professional way should be as equally important so that a better society can be nurtured.

Additional Staff To Handle The Increased Workload Management Essay

Additional Staff To Handle The Increased Workload caution EssayGiven the importance of a skilful and knowledgeable men in a business organisation, hiring additional staff to handle the increased work load is not the only solution. It would be better if staff is more than productive and efficient. This is because in this belligerent world, tuition is becoming a major issue for about organisations. Thus, instruct enables the worker to produce better results by continuously increase productivity and efficiency.The importance of planning has long been recognized but the signifi standce of pedagogy read compendium is to evaluate the effectiveness of the rearing programmes. Without an evaluation, business activities exit go on but no value exit be added in the level of performance. In most business enterprise, evaluation after prep often strickles on the low end of the priority list.Due to the increase level of competition of receipts business and high demand of the clien ts, high woodland is crucial to measure the level of satisfaction of the guests dealing with the State slang of Mauritius. The objective of the claim are to feel the area where there is need to increase the quality of serve being offered in the organisation so as to increase customer satisfaction as well as competitivity on the market. This testament be done by enhancing the development inescapably discernment in the organisation. And the reflect testament attempt to make recommendations wherever possible to increase the facts of life programmes so as the service offered would be more customer oriented.To guarantee the survey an over pot of the organisation is made. A background study is established with the re mickle of the literature on the training, the training needfully taxment and the customer service. The review is base on the literature found in books and internet sources.The top dognaire of this study was design to target 100 customers to be selected rand omly, to get their views on the level of quality of service being offered the State entrust of Mauritius. The information testament be collected from the questionnaires will be analysed in depth will support of relevant graphs.Ultimately, recommendations and suggestions will be appendd to improve the findings on the bowl of study.Abstract1Table of content2Introduction3Management Problem4 telescope of study5Literature Review6-11Aims of the study12 impersonals12Research caputs12 interpretation of terms13-14Nature of the study Research stick out15Sample16Data Collection17-18Data psychoanalysis19Validity Reliability20Ethical Considerations20Significance of the study21Conclusion22Bibliography23-24Appendices1 Draft Covering Letter25Appendices2 Draft Questionnaire26-28Table of ContentIntroductionTraining has long been an issue for memorial tablets. succession and expense are the main(prenominal) issues that consistently surface in training involve appraisal. Specially, there is a great desire for banking organisation to obtain training to be able to give higher and better level of service to the consumer in this industry.A pivotal aspect of this desire was the goal of stronger communication, cooperation and collaboration among the communities, the business enterprise. Training was identified as an immediate problem to be communicate.Due to the local and global competition, training is becoming vital for organisation for delivering quality customer service. Therefore, training is state to be crucial both for the employer and the employee. Increase in knowledge and skills make the staff more productive in his study and thus will be considered as a expensive asset for the organisation.However, despite its importance, the evaluation phase is usually inconsistent or unionly indifferent in m whatsoever cases. This may be due to factors internal to the organisation or perhaps the main reason behind this is that the tasks of evaluation of the training of necessity are too complex.The training necessarily assessment is a critical activity for the training and development function. Whether you are a human resource cosmopolitanist or a specialist, you should be adapting at performing a training ineluctably assessment. It is authorized to have an overview of the training and development function and how the needs assessment fits into this process, followed by an in-depth look at the core concepts and steps involved in conducting a training needs assessment.The Training needfully judgment that resulted is the subject of this look into paper.Management ProblemIn spite that the fact that the labor force is highly qualified and that they receive a certain level of training, it has been noted that the training needs assessment still need to be improved at the State Bank of Mauritius. No concrete evaluation has been conducted after delivering the training to assess its real needs and effectiveness. It was recognised that the employees responsible to cater for the customer care were unable to provide high quality service to immediate and external customers level after most level of training has been deliveredThe decline in the number if customers are in addition due to several management issues which result in that fall in number of clients. The main reasons are the rise of other emulous banking organisations which are coming up with efficient marketing strategies which are making their strengths. These competitive banks are bringing innovation in the way they deal with their clients and the various facilities they give them.Even though, not all performance problems can be addressed by training and in some cases, non-training interventions are necessary. By identifying performance problems that can be improved by training, the assessment will allow the agencies to focalise on the real training needs within their organizations.Henceforth, I chance that analysis of the outcome of the training is important that is training needs assessment need to be carried on to know whether the training is having a positive impact on the quality of service being delivered.This study attempted to assess the training needs of a State Bank of Mauritius. It is a banking organisation in Mauritius which I assumed to be facing a fall in the measure of clients as there is a failure in the efficiency of delivering customer service.Background of the studyTraining is concerned of all concerned of all categories of the workforce as well as the management, irrespective of their grades, gender and status in an enterprise. This is because there is a rise in globalisation, the level of competition is more needlelike and thus training is becoming an essential tool for the organisation in order to deliver quality customer service.Training is a useful essence to increase the knowledge and skills of the labor force. An effective training session will increase the workers productivity in the organisation and make them b ecome a valuable asset.Training has long been an issue for organizations that exist in the banking sector. Time and expense are the main issues that consistently surface in any training needs. And fourth dimension and expense impact smaller agencies to a very much greater degree than larger banks. A pivotal aspect of this desire was the goal of stronger communication, cooperation and collaboration among the community, and the State Bank of Mauritius. These could provide training and other opportunities for the enterprise.Training is identified as an immediate problem to be addressed in the banking trunk on the organisation as it has much to do in order to compete with the other banking firms. A more skilled and motivate workforce will care to tackle this problem and solve many other issues relating to low quality customer service. The Training Needs Assessment that resulted is the subject of this research paper. I feel that the analysis of the outcomes of the training will be e ssential indicator in the improvement being achieved.It is believed that training deficiencies exist with resultant employee performance problems within the bring up banks mainly among the customer service perspectiver who need to deal with the customers directly, the impact they make on the organisation as a whole is signifi sanctimoniousness. The problem is to mildew if training deficiencies do exist and, if so, to identify the common training needs will improve the customer satisfaction as the customer service agents, the abolish and other members of the management will cater for their needs and wants. I believe that if the study deals with this problem it may help the organisation to find innovative and competitive solutions as the work force will be happy and they may work in coordination with the management to improve the current condition of the State Bank of Mauritius.Literature ReviewThere has been considerable research and attention directed towards evaluating trainin g needs, understanding the importance of training to reduce cost and be more profitable. However, limited research has been made towards the evaluation phase.The literature reviews will examine the research and the literature relating to the awareness of the current state of knowledge in training and to show the thesis relates to others work and findings. This will be performed in order to develop a good understanding and insight into relevant previous research, a review of the definitions of training, quality service, customer service, customer service training, training needs, and training needs assessment from various authors.At this stage, I will present a critical summary on training needs assessment definition and other underlying terms that I will be using in the research project. The information was collected in books, magazines and web sites. The explanation of these terms will help to make the research proposal to be more suck and specific.The Importance of TrainingThe s ignificance and value of training has long been recognized. Given todays business climate and the exponential growth in technology with its effect on the economy and society at large, the need for training is more pronounced than ever. Training, in the most simplistic definition, is an activity that changes peoples behaviour. Increased productivity is often said to be the most important reason for training. But it is only one of the upbeats. Training is essential not only to increase productivity but to a fault to motivate and inspire workers by letting them know how important their jobs are and giving them all the information they need to perform those jobs (Anonymous, 1998).McNamara (n.d.) lists the adjacent as general benefits from employee trainingincreased job satisfaction and moraleincreased motivationincreased efficiencies in processes, resulting in monetary gainincreased capacity to pack new-sprung(prenominal) technologies and methodsincreased innovation in strategies a nd productsreduced employee turnoverThis is only a partial listing of the many benefits that result from training. Training that is steal to the needs of an organization can add great value.Training is not always the answer to performance problems. Brandt Sakakeeny, training industry analyst for Solomon Smith Barney believes that training can be a great investment and training can be a waste of capital (Rosner, 1999). Training is indeed a waste of money when the desired behaviour does not occur.Gupta acknowledges that not all performance problems can be addressed by training. In many cases, non-training interventions are necessary (Gupta 1999). The key is to identify what problems can be attributed to training deficiencies and, once that is accomplished, to insure that the right training is implemented.Bartram and Gibson, in their Training Needs Analysis Toolkit agree. Without the right training, employees can be the organizations biggest liability. Trained effectively, however, t hey can become your biggest asset (Bartram and Gibson, 2000). Rosner (1999) adds another ingredient for success support after training. He states, The most effective programs train workers in new behaviours and then train managers to support employees as they apply reading daily (Rosner, 1999, p.43). Support and endorsement from management can greatly enhance training results. one can conclude that training is not always the answer, and when it is the answer, it has to be the right training.Training is big business. In 1998, American companies spent $60 billion on training (Rosner, 1999). So, how does an organization train effectively so that the investment results in growth and success? To make training count, it must be matched directly to the needs of the organization and people in it. One tool that is utilize to accomplish this is the Training Needs Assessment.Training in Banking SectorBanking organisation is one of the red-hot growing segments of our emerging bold new econ omy (Glasrud, 1999). The sector now employs more than eleven million employees in the private and public sector nations total workforce (Salamon, 1999).This growth is likely to embrace as the demand for services provided by the sector continues to rise and the role of government in meeting one-on-one needs continues to diminish (Boris and Steuerle, 1999). To be able to grow and serve the community, bank executives must realign their thinking about the economies of service deliveries and who shall deliver those services.In combination, the increasing presence of the banking sector and the shedding of the direct provision of services by government have served to create a growing demand for professionally trained banking administrators (Dolan, 2002).To summarize, quite an simply our nations banks face continued growth to meet increased demand with lessening resources and increased needs for training.As anyone in the corporate training field knows, training often falls on the low e nd of the priority list. Thats especially true in the banking world. Another barrier to training is that some agencies have considerable turnover. They arent eager to spend their scarce resources training employees who may later leave (Frye, 2000). Technology has impacted everyone, but it has become an especially urgent issue for banks.According to Gordon (1998), the technology revolution has even so to make significant inroads in the banking sector. The banking sector is growing and all indicators suggest continued growth. Human and financial resources are being stretched to extreme limits. Training for the banking sector is problematic, especially in the area of technology training. The rapid rate of change in the technology field has some business enterprise behind. The gap will only increase if effective training programs are not implemented.Why a Training Needs Assessment?Some organizational and individual training needs are not as clearly defined as others. Even when trainin g needs appear to be obvious, it is still necessary to choose appropriate methods that will meet them. Many training needs are not so obvious.A training needs assessment is one of the most basic and common forms of assessment used by HRD professionals in the workplace (Gupta, 1999). Needs assessments help determine when training is the answer and when it is not. Assessment insures that training programs have relevance to the people being trained.Gupta, in his book A Practical Guide to Needs Assessment, gives the interest overview of the training needs assessmentA needs assessment provides the information that is usually necessary for designing training programs. The basic purpose of a training needs assessment is twofoldTo identify the knowledge and skills that people must possess in order to perform effectively on the job, andTo prescribe appropriate interventions that can close these gaps.There are two main reasons to conduct a training needs assessment It ensures that training programs are developed found on identified needs and It is relatively easy to implement (Gupta, 1999).Some performance problems can be addressed by training. Some problems training cant fix. Training isnt the answer to a problem when its used to cover up the symptoms (Rosner, 1999). A needs assessment avoids misdiagnosing a non-training problem as a training problem.A Review of Methods Commonly Used to Assess Training NeedsData gathering is the cornerstone of any needs-assessment project (Gupta, 1999). The fundamental premise of needs assessment is that in order to make effective decisions about current or future training needs, info must first be self-possessed (Gupta, 1999).There are many ways to collect data. Commonly used methods are oppugns, focus groups, surveys and questionnaires, and observation. Other methods include the nominal group technique, action research, and Dacum (developing a curriculum). Most needs assessments employ one or several data-gathering techniques ( Gupta, 1999).Interviews are one of the easiest tools for gathering information. Interviews can be conducted face-to-face or over the phone. The biggest benefit of one-to-one interviews is the human interaction that occurs (Gupta, 1999).Phone interviews are more effective when small pieces of information must be gathered. One-to-one and phone interviews can be conducted in either a structured or unstructured manner.Another advantage is that the interviewer can clarify answers when necessary and ask whether interviewees have additional questions at the end. Vicki S. Kaman (Allen, 1990) agrees. She lists the advantages of interviews as(1) Employees can be encouraged to share their ideas(2) Interviews provide process, as well as content information, and(3) Interviews provide two-way communication. Interviews also work quite well when the target group is small in number.Focus groups implement a group-interview method. People with similar experiences are brought together and asked their o pinions and/or ideas about a specific subject. To be effective, focus groups require good facilitators (Gupta, 1999).Preparing and implementing surveys and questionnaires require several stages including preparing, designing, developing questions, writing instructions, writing cover letters and pilot testing, (Gupta, 1999).Observation is also a method that can be used to collect data during needs assessments. A problem that occurs when using observation is that people often transmute their behaviour when someone is watching. To overcome this, techniques that are not obtrusive must be used.According to Gupta (1999), the main drawback to the training needs assessment approach is that it misss the adversity of a strategic needs assessment, competency assessment, or job and task analysis.Results of Other Training Needs AssessmentsA review of the literature identified triple recent assessments of the training needs of specific banking organizations. Highlights of(1) A banks needs sur vey(2) Surveys of bank directors and(3) An Educational Program Assessment.ConclusionsA review of the literature has resulted in the following conclusions which are deemed the most important to consider as the research methodology is designed.Training is not always the answer to performance problems. Non-training interventions may also provide solutions to problems. A training need assessment will help determine when training is the answer.Time and is the most significant barriers to training for the workers.The banking sector will continue to grow. The problems of time will not disappear. Agencies must look to innovative ways to close the gap.Programs that require short amounts of time (half-day, one-day seminars, etc.) are the preference.(5) Face-to-face interviews are easy, yet effective in assessing training needs. They are time consuming, but the interaction that occurs can be extremely beneficial. The needs assessment is part of a university apparent movement to reach out to t he community. Face-to-face interviews should be carefully considered when determining the methodology of the research.Aims of the studyThe aim of the study is to know the importance of training needs assessment in an organisation and if it nominates to higher level of performance in all the aspect of the enterprise main in the quality of service being offered.Objective of the studyTraining it vital but to evaluate its impact on the organisation and the results in brings on the level of productivity is even more important.So, the main objective of this study is toSee if any training programme is being given.If these programmes are effective- what is the performance of the employees of the relevance trainingTo know how the employees of State Bank view training.To assess the contribution of training of skills, knowledge, job performance and quality of service.To provide recommendation in areas where training need to be improvedResearch QuestionsThe methods and function to be used for the array of data to carry this study will include questionnaires, interviews and observation on the workplace.For the questionnaire I will need to consider its content, the question format, the order it will be placed, the types of question I will ask and the validity and reliability of the question in the study. It must be done in such a way that the respondents understand what is being asked.Then I will need to carry a pilot study with the front office manager so as to examine the first draft and to see if it contains any error over the terms and questions.Example of the research questionsIs training important in State Bank of Mauritius?How training can help to improve public relations?How can training improve the quality of service in the bank?Are the Human Resource Manager committees to training of staff?What effect can training have in the organizational performance?Definition of TermsWhat is training?Training can be defined as the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and comp etencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or pragmatical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving ones capability, capacity, and performance.According to Dale YoderTraining is a means of preparing rank and file workers for promotion to supervisory position and for improving their competence and capability while they hold such leadership assignments. Human Resource at all levels needs frequent refresher course training.According to Dale S. BeachTraining is the organized procedures by which people learn knowledge and skills for definite purpose.(Rao, 2003, 152)What is Quality?It is defined as A comprehensive customer-focused system that will improve the quality of products and services. It is a way of managing the organisation at all levels from the top management to the front line, to achieve customer satisfaction be involving all employees and continuously improving the work processes of the organisation.(Le wis, 1991)Quality is said to be the degree or standard of excellence. It is the whole of the attributes of products or service that meets requirements of the buyer, owner or the end user.What is customer service?According to Turban et al (2002), Customer service is a series of activities designed to enhance the level of satisfaction, that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the needs and wants of the customer which will make them be loyal to the organisation. Available on Wikipedia.org (Accessed 11 Sept 2012).Customer service is the provision of service at all the level of purchase and even after. It plays a vital role in the organisation ability to generate income and revenue.What is customer service training?Customer service training refers to teaching employees the knowledge, skills, and competencies require increasing customer satisfaction. Employees who are properly trained and who demonstrate professional customer service skills will be able to increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. This will lead to customer retention, increase in profitability and reduce overheads. place in employees through training makes employees feel valued and improves their level of motivation. Consequently, when employees treat customers well by using proper customer service skills which consist of a good listening skills, and good questioning techniques can lead to higher level of productivity in the organisation. (http//en.wikipedia.org, 19 Sept 2012).What is Training Needs Assessment?Training Needs Assessment is the evaluation of the value and reliability of the importance of giving training to employees and to assess the effectiveness of the training programmes.It would be important to betoken out that there are troika levels of needs assessment organizational analysis, task analysis and individual analysis.Organizational analysis looks at the effectiveness of the organization and determines where training is demand and under what conditions it will be conducted.Task analysis provides data about a job or a group of jobs and the knowledge, skills, attitudes and abilities needed to achieve optimum performance. (Pickard 1992)Nature of the Study Research DesignFor this study, the research will be both of quantitative and qualitative in record.The point of view of the respondent on the field of study will be taken into consideration with the subjective components of the research. This data will be obtained from in depth interview to obtain comments of the respondent on the importance and effectiveness of training and training needs assessment. This can be done by pulling the views of a considerable population together with the help of postal questionnaires or web based surveys containing many opened questions.The research can also be of quantitative nature as it will help to gain a deeper understanding through the study of the numerical data collected on whether training is accredited much importance in the organisation and the effe ctiveness it has on the quality service being offered to the customers. The survey research to be carried on to obtain quantitative data need to be structured questions and self completion questions that is close ended questions with can be easily be converted into tabular or lifelike illustrations. This type of survey is said to be efficient as it allows collecting accurate data on the large number customers and their level of satisfactions.SampleWith any survey, it is necessary to clearly define the target population, which Collis Hussey (2003157), define as followsA population is any precisely defined set of people or collection of items which is under consideration.The participants of this study will consist of 100 customers which will be the sample from the whole population, who deal with the State Bank of Mauritius on different intervals. The selected respondents will be chosen by randomly sampling method. The target population will be specifically chosen for the above in or der to underpin the practicality of the concepts as presented in the project. The risk of bias, which cannot statistically be eliminated and will be included in the interpretation of the data collected.Data CollectionCollecting data is the crucial part of the research process in developing the research proposal.Data gathering is essential to a needs assessment. The data of the present study will be collected by questionnaires documentary analysis.InstrumentationThe method chosen is to collect data for the assessment is the survey method, specifically, a questionnaire to be administered to the customer trading with the State Bank of Mauritius.The study is to be descriptive in nature, specifically, training needs assessment. The design of the study will include population, instrumentation and analysis of results.The Questionnaires (Appendix 2)Identical questionnaires will be used to assess the training needs of the staff. The open-ended questions required respondents to answer in the ir own words. This elicited in-depth responses, as contrary to limited responses. Questions were framed so that they could be answered easily. The number of questions was limited so that it could be completed in twenty minutes or so.Participation needs to be anonymous and voluntary. The time limit for returning the questionnaires was on the same day the customer receive it. Completed questionnaires need to be individually returned. The questionnaire will include a cover letter providing instructions for completing and returning the form and a Protection of Human Subjects Consent Form with no speck requirement.The fact that the questionnaire will be collected on the same day may represent a compromise on the distribution of the questionnaires and may be disappointing, without a doubt, impact the validity of this portion of the needs assessment as the respondent may be biased in their answer due to lack of time.It is to be noted that the will consist of about twenty questions, and a nswer is to be provided for suggestions to be made for the open ended questions(unstructured questions) And for the close ended questions (structured questions) three or five options will be provided and the responded has just to tick one of them.A variety of questions were asked, but the majority revolved around job duties, education, learning and performance concerning the staff in relation with the customers level of satisfaction.After getting the permission from the management to perform the study a pilot study will have to be undertaken so as to ensure that the questions matches the objective of the study and to ensure that the exact question s and right method are used to obtain the required information. The pilot study will be pre tested on a sample of 5 respondents to identify any problems, design errors, misunderstanding of terms used and flaws. Then, the necessary corrections will be made and clarification will be made to cater for the changes before the final questionnair e is completed.Question DesignThe question instrument will consist of 5 parts as followsThe first part will contain general background which will include gender, age, occupation, purpose of visits, and frequency of visits.The training information related to performance and satisfaction.To ask for customers suggestions about quality service and where training should be enhanced.Data AnalysisAfter questionnaires will be collected, there will be the need to process the data and explore the how will training needs assessment contribute to the improvement of quality of customer care service at the State Bank of Mauritius. The frequencies and percentages will be used for calculating and analyzing

A Dream Deferred :: essays research papers

What happens to a dream deferred?Does it dry up standardized a raisin in the sun?Or fester equal a sore-And then run?Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet?Maybe it just sagslike a heavy load.Or does it explode? maculation Langhston Hughes authors this poem, A Dream Deferred, it can easily be interpreted as Toni Morrisons description of Nel and her life of sorrow and dissatisfaction. Sula and Nel, the protagonists in Toni Morrisons Sula, are each the yet daughters of mothers whose distance leaves the young girls with dreams to erase this solitude and l starliness. There is no question that Sula alleviates this aloneness with a lascivious and experimental life, "Im going down like one of those redwoods. I sure did live in this world"(143). Nel, however, for the most part, fails terribly at realizing her dreams and experiencing a happy existence. Compromising her individuality, her emotional stability, and her dreams mark Nels unoriginal and unfulfilling life.Early in Nels life during a trip to New Orleans, she watches as her mother is humiliated by a trains white, racist conductor she watches the indignity of her mothers having to squat in an unaffixed field to urinate while white train passengers gaze and she watches her mothers shame at her own Creole mothers libidinous lifestyle. Her mothers submissiveness and humiliation evokes a fear, an anger, and an energy in Nel. Her emotions intensify as she makes a declaration to never be her mother, to never compromise her individuality, "Im me. Im not their daughter. Im not Nel. Im me. Me"(28). Figuring that her "me-ness" will take her far, she exclaims "I insufficiency...I want to be... wonderful"(29). However, that trip to Louisiana "was the last as well as the first time she was ever to leave Medallion"(29).Initially, Nels self-declaration em caters her to pursue that dream of independence. She gathers power and joy, and "the st rength to cultivate a friend in spite of mother"(29). Nel achieves a degree of her self-described "me-ness," her dream, a separation from her subservient and disgraceful mother, resulting in a new found complacency, "Nel, who regarded the oppressive neatness of her home with dread, felt comfortable in it with Sula"(29). This happiness was present in both girls, "Their meeting was gilded for it let them use each other to grow on"(49). Unfortunately, as she left Medallion only one time, Nel would discover and enjoy this "me-ness" only one time.

How Multiple Incidents Develop the Plot Line in The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers fc

F. Scott Fitzgerald brilliantly wrote many novels as well as pathetic stories. One of his best known works is The Great Gatsby. In the novel, the main character Jay Gatsby tries to obtain his lifetime dreams wealth and Daisy Buchanan. Throughout the story, he works at achieving his goals while overcoming many obstacles. Fitzgeralds plot line relies heavily on accidents, carelessness, and misconceptions, which ultimately reveal the basic themes in the story.During the book, Fitzgerald is able to create a lord storyline by tying all the level offts in the story, directly or indirectly, together. Ernest Lockridge notes in his criticisms about the bookYet in a triumph of art, Fitzgerald makes even accidents seem unaccidental, he incorporates real disorder within fictional order. He accomplishes this by repetition (in the real world, repetition does not exist) the accident involving Tom and the chambermaid, the extension ph one and only(a) to both Nick and Jordan baker as bad drivers , the wreck just outside Gatsbys driveway after his party in which, as in Toms accident, a wheel is ripped off, the hit-and-run death of Myrtle Wilson, and finally the accidental conjunction of events which leads to Gatsbys murder and Wilsons suicide.Lockridge, 7 Fitzgerald is undecided of picking an event and referring back to it while still staying on topic. One of these events is accidents. Almost every character is related to an accident that occurs to another character You see, when we Gatsby and Daisy left(p) New York she was very nervous and she thought it would steady her to driveand this womanhood Myrtle Wilson rushed out at us just as we were passing a car coming the other way. It all happened in a minute, but it seemed to me that she wanted to speak to us, thought we were somebody she knew. Well, first Daisy turned away from the woman toward the other car, and then she lost her nerve and turned back. The second my hand reached the wheel I felt shockit must have killed her instantly. Gatsby 151As one of the main accidents in the story, Fitzgerald connects the death of Myrtle Wilson to Daisy. The connection is completely accidental, beca white plague Daisy does not know that Myrtle is her husbands mistress. In this incident, Fitzgerald is able to create derision between the two characters to make one think that it was actually not an accident, when in reality it was.During the course of the story, it is relevant that some of the characters in the book use careless actions.